Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) II Practice Exam

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• Odds ratio in prognostic studies expresses what?
• Which statement is a true feature of cohort studies?
• Which option is an example of a true experimental design type that involves random assignment and a control condition?
• In a 2x2 table, which outcome is a true negative?
• Which test is appropriate for comparing two independent groups when the outcome is continuous and normally distributed?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of the 2x2 contingency table in diagnostic testing?
• Which items are considered secondary analyses?
• Generic self-reported measures include which instruments?
• Evaluate transferability means which?
• Audit trail in qualitative research serves to?
• What is differential diagnosis?
• What is the parametric test for comparing three or more related samples?
• Qualitative evidence application is best described as which?
• For comparing more than two independent groups, which nonparametric test is used?
• Which of the following is a step in applying qualitative evidence clinically?
• Which formula correctly defines PPV?
• Which statement describes criterion validity?
• Measurement reliability is evaluated by which of the following?
• Data saturation in qualitative research means:
• In meta-analysis, what is the key difference between using individual patient data (IPD) and aggregate data?
• Number needed to treat is defined as:
• Which approach is commonly used to detect publication bias in meta-analyses?
• Observation in qualitative research is typically characterized by:
• LR+ values categories—which range corresponds to strong evidence to rule in disease?
• Which domain addresses independence in the formulation of recommendations and avoidance of bias due to conflicts of interest?
• Which statistic is used to measure test-retest reliability?
• What does SPIN indicate about a diagnostic test?
• Internal validity of true experimental designs is typically described as?
• Grounded theory aims to...
• Which scale has equal intervals between values but no true zero, allowing addition and subtraction?
• In diagnostic testing, the 'gold standard' refers to:
• Documents and artifacts in qualitative research commonly include:
• Hazard ratio generally reflects the comparative likelihood of developing an outcome over time, usually with what type of data?
• In the development of clinical prediction rules, which concept ensures an adequately powered study relative to the number of predictor factors?
• What is the primary aim of in-depth interviews in qualitative research?
• Which statement defines intra-rater reliability?
• Self-reported outcome measures are defined as what?
• What does SRM stand for in the context of responsiveness analysis?
• Which level of evidence is labeled as theoretical or foundational evidence?
• In appraising mixed methods studies, which is a component?
• Which statement describes a scenario where a positive test may not reliably confirm the disease?
• In a randomized trial, which question assesses whether clinicians were blinded to group assignment?
• What is the minimal detectable change (MDC)?
• How do likelihood ratios affect clinical decision-making?
• Ethnology is focused on which of the following?
• When applying qualitative evidence clinically, it should be done in what manner?
• Which statement describes a false positive?
• Which elements should inform clinical practice guidelines?
• What term best describes a research design that aims to determine whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between variables?
• Which statement best defines test-retest reliability?
• Purpose of diagnostic study
• Which statement best describes the relationship between the index test and the gold standard?
• What does negative predictive value represent?
• Which item would not typically be categorized as documents and artifacts data sources in qualitative research?
• Which two components are involved in the process of a diagnostic test?
• What defines mixed methods research?
• If a study reports a p-value greater than 0.05, what does this indicate?
• Member checking definition?
• Which of the following is NOT a step in diagnosis?
• Which of the following constitutes high-quality evidence?
• Which statistic represents the precision of an individual score and is used to quantify measurement error?
• Integration in mixed methods refers to what?
• Which type of outcome measure is typically disease-specific and sensitive to change in a particular condition?
• In the evaluation of CPRs, which item asks whether the CPR has been validated on a population different from the original?
• What does SNOUT imply for a highly sensitive test?
• Which nonparametric test is used for two related samples (paired data)?
• In calculating an effect size (ES) as defined here, which formula is used?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR−) in diagnostic testing?
• Which of the following describes a good standardized response mean (SRM) value?
• In applying qualitative evidence clinically, what is the final step?
• Which self-reported measure is an example of region-specific assessment?
• Which level of measurement is defined by ordering without assuming equal intervals between the levels?
• Which description best fits a systematic review?
• Recall bias is a particular concern for which form of self-reported measure?
• Which coding step involves labeling segments of text with initial codes?
• Which statement best defines Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)?
• Which quality appraisal item explicitly examines reflexivity?
• Design of diagnostic test is usually:
• What best defines a clinical prediction rule?
• In thematic analysis, the phase of relating themes to research questions is called what?
• Prognostic studies are what types of research designs?
• Which statement describes the Ottawa Ankle Rules for deciding when radiographs are indicated?
• What does a p-value represent?
• The usefulness of self-reported measures depends on which of the following?
• Which study design is commonly used in prognostic research?
• Predictive mode studies commonly employ which statistical technique?
• In a true experimental design, which two characteristics are required?
• Which phase develops higher-order themes from categories?
• Which domain assesses whether the guideline clearly states its purpose and specifies health questions and the target population?
• Which statement best describes random assignment in clinical trials?
• What is the null hypothesis when comparing two group means in a trial?
• Which statement best describes the importance of baseline similarity and testing for equality between groups at the start of a study?
• Which metric is calculated from the 2x2 contingency table to measure the ability to identify non-cases (true negatives)?
• Which of the following is a predictor for favorable outcome after lumbar spine manipulation according to the example?
• What does the term levels of variables refer to in experimental design?
• Which statement about allocation concealment is true?
• Which reliability coefficient is appropriate for ratio/interval data?
• The standard error of measurement (SEM) quantifies which of the following?
• Which LR- range corresponds to moderate evidence to rule OUT disease?
• Which of the following is an example of nominal level data?
• What is the primary purpose of using a standardized quality assessment tool in systematic reviews of interventions?
• Which measurement level is necessary for mathematical operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division?
• In-depth interviews are characterized by:
• In the SRM calculation, the standard deviation used in the denominator is taken from which source?
• Which step involves extracting key terms and concepts from qualitative data?
• Which characteristic is typical of systematic review research design?
• Which of the following is a method to address publication bias in systematic reviews?
• Which formula expresses specificity?
• In qualitative data analysis, what is the first stage where transcripts are read repeatedly to gain familiarity?
• Which statement best captures how investigators should manage groups in a trial?
• Which domain assesses whether the guideline was developed by the appropriate stakeholders and represents the views of its intended users?
• In meta-analysis, which statement best distinguishes a fixed-effects model from a random-effects model?
• Two formats in which CPgs are presented commonly cover which audiences?
• Which statement about confidence intervals is true?
• Which domain assesses the process used to gather and synthesize the evidence, formulate the recommendations, and adapt them?
• Which practice increases trustworthiness by acknowledging researcher bias?
• In a 2x2 contingency table, which statement defines a true positive?
• What is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness?
• How should attrition be handled, and what analysis preserves randomization if attrition occurs?
• Treatment threshold is defined as:
• Which statement best differentiates MDC from MCID?
• Sensitivity is best described as:
• In qualitative research, a case study is best described as a deep, bounded inquiry into a particular case. An example would be examining a patient's post-stroke recovery journey. Which option BEST captures this definition?
• In regression, what does r squared (r^2) represent?
• In evaluating a measurement instrument for a study, which quality must be established first before it is used to draw conclusions?
• Which item is an 'other' (not fatal) issue in critical appraisal of a diagnostic study?
• What does a large effect size indicate?
• Which step is the final step in developing clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) as described?
• Predictive mode studies are defined as?
• Absolute risk reduction is defined as:
• Quasi-experimental designs differ from true experiments in that they typically lack what elements?
• What is recommended when using a self-reported instrument in a language or cultural context different from the original?
• What is needed to make a repeated measures design a true experimental design?
• NNT stands for which term?
• Which statement best describes follow-up and timing for outcome assessment?
• Non-parametric tests are used for data that are not normally distributed and/or nominal or ordinal, and are based on what measure?
• Prognosis is estimated by?
• In applying qualitative evidence to a patient or client, which consideration reflects clinically meaningful differences between the subjects in the study and your patient?
• What Cronbach's alpha range is generally recommended for internal consistency?
• What best describes 'integration' in appraising mixed methods studies?
• In a 2x2 table, which outcome is a false positive?
• Which statement best describes the positive predictive value (PPV) of a diagnostic test?
• What does discourse analysis examine?
• Which is NOT a step in applying qualitative evidence clinically?
• Risk ratio is used to estimate the magnitude of the association between exposure and disease by comparing risks in which groups?
• Which term describes findings that can be applied to other contexts?
• Which statement correctly defines intention-to-treat analysis?
• Which is NOT a listed component of appraising mixed methods studies?
• Which statement best describes the role of reports on study quality in evidence synthesis?
• From a 2x2 contingency table, which pairing gives the number of people with the condition?
• In the sequence for applying qualitative evidence clinically, what step directly follows 'evaluate transferability'?
• In assessing credibility of self-reported measures, which criterion involves documenting how items were developed and tested?
• Limiting the included studies to randomized controlled trials in a systematic review is primarily done to address potential bias arising from what?
• Which statement best describes case-control studies?
• Which of the following is NOT a component of prognosis according to the source?
• Which of the following are examples of effect size (ES) types?
• Which is the fifth step in applying qualitative evidence clinically?
• The Friedman test is the nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
• Which method is most closely associated with long-term immersion to understand daily life and practices within a culture?
• Ethnology is focused on:
• Which statement about the design of diagnostic test studies is accurate?
• Which nonparametric test is used for more than two related samples (repeated measures)?
• Which practice best reduces bias in strong diagnostic studies?
• Which statement best describes the interpretation of a treatment effect size greater than 0.8?
• Which statement describes content validity?
• Which scale has a true zero and allows all arithmetic operations including multiplication and division?
• What is a common consequence of low sensitivity?
• Which reliability coefficient is commonly used for nominal or ordinal category agreement?
• Which statement accurately defines inter-rater reliability?
• A reliability coefficient of 0.75 falls into which interpretation category?
• Which practice most directly supports confirmability by allowing traceability?
• What is prognosis based on?
• In meta-analyses, the term quorum refers to what?
• Which statement about the index test in a diagnostic study is true?
• Internal consistency is most closely associated with which concept?
• Which are components of appraising mixed methods studies?
• Which statement correctly describes how prevalence affects PPV?
• Which step groups codes into categories?
• In a randomized trial, which question assesses whether participants were blinded to their assignment?
• Which are sources of measurement error in self-reported outcomes?
• Sensitivity is defined as which of the following?
• Which statement about LR- is true?
• In evaluating the development of a CPR, which criterion ensures that all relevant predictive factors are included during development?
• Which consequence is associated with low test specificity?
• What is the purpose of subgroup analysis in systematic reviews?
• Which tool is commonly used to assess the methodological quality of randomized trials in reviews?
• Which item indicates a design issue where the time between index tests is not short enough?
• Longitudinal studies are characterized by which feature?
• Which statement best describes the reliability and validity of outcome measurements?
• Relative risk reduction is best described as:
• Quality appraisal item: Are data collection methods consistent with the methodology?
• Name a core mixed design and its description.
• Which statement best describes representative sampling in diagnostic studies?
• Which formula represents sensitivity?
• Which criterion is used to assess validity of evidence about prognostic factors to avoid heterogeneity?
• In evaluating prognostic studies, which question relates to completeness of follow-up data?
• What does minimal clinically important difference (MCID) refer to?
• Which statement accurately describes SPIN in diagnostic testing?
• A cohort study is a longitudinal investigation in which the researcher identifies a group of subjects who do not yet have the outcome of interest. Which statement correctly describes this design?
• What does an odds ratio compare?
• What is the algebraic formula for the odds ratio in a 2x2 table?
• MCID stands for what?
• Non-parametric tests are based on which central tendency measure?
• Which measure is commonly used in case-control studies and logistic regression to estimate association between exposure and outcome?
• Which description best fits a narrative review?
• Measurement validity includes which types?
• What does a high LR+ indicate about diagnostic testing?
• Triangulation purpose?
• Which aspect of a systematic review's methodology helps reduce selection bias when identifying studies?
• Recall bias is a concern with which type of self-reported measure?
• Meta-analyses are reported to improve external validity.
• Baseline and post measures in outcome evaluation are used to what?
• If a study uses more than one administration method for a self-reported instrument, what should researchers do?
• Why is it important for a systematic review to report the methodological quality of included studies?
• Which statement best describes construct validity?
• Performance-based outcome measures involve what kind of assessment?
• Parametric tests are appropriate for which data types?
• What is the usual level of significance in hypothesis testing?
• Which type of error remains constant across measurements?
• Phenomenology in qualitative research seeks to understand what?
• In evaluating diagnostic test studies, which item is considered a fatal flaw in critical appraisal?
• Focus groups are best described as:
• Which of the following questions is qualitative rather than quantitative?
• What are outcome measures in the context of a plan of care?
• Which statement about power analysis in CPR development is true?
• What is a defining feature of meta-analyses?
• Internal consistency refers to what aspect of a questionnaire?
• Which statement defines inter-rater reliability?
• In meta-analysis, heterogeneity refers to differences in study results that are not due to what?
• Which statement best describes prognostic research?
• What describes PT diagnosis?
• Field notes in observational research are used to:
• Ethnography is primarily concerned with:
• Which statement best describes MCID?
• In CPR evaluation, which item assesses whether the predictive factors were defined in a way that observers can reliably measure them?
• Which nonparametric test is used to compare two independent groups?
• Test threshold is defined as:
• Process of diagnostic test includes the following: index test and gold standard. Which statement is true?
• Which statement describes face validity?
• What defines a clinical practice guideline (CPG)?